In 2025, fragile and conflict-affected (FCS) included 38 economies that are home to 1 billion people. The recent shocks have intensified fragility-related pressures even in more stable economies. This ...

Climate change poses significant macroeconomic challenges due to its impacts and the energy transition needed to address it. Despite the Paris Agreement’s goal to keep global warming ‘well below 2°C’, ...

There is a famous story from a medical school, told by the Brazilian humourist, Aparicio Torelly Aporelly, the Baron of Itararé. A professor, eager to trip up a student, asked a simple question. “How ...