IN A LETTER WRITTEN to the al Qaeda leadership in early 2004, Abu Musab Zarqawi described the Iraqi Kurds in less than favorable terms. As far as Zarqawi was concerned, they were “a Trojan horse” who ...

“God fight them,” wrote Mohammed in the holy Koran. “What liars they are.” Mohammed meant Christians and Jews, whom he had expected to accept his new vision. When they did not respond, he took to the ...

Re-emergence of Iranian identity after conversion to Islam / Ehsan Yarshater -- Survival of Iranianness / Hugh Kennedy -- The persistent older heritage in the Medieval Iranian lands / C. Edmund ...

The world that had been Rome -- The formation of post-Roman society -- The Romano-Germanic kingdoms : the era of Theoderic and Clovis -- The view from the East : crisis, survival, and renewal -- ...

Between the fall of Rome and the European voyages of discovery, no event was more significant than the rise of Islam. Within the span of a few centuries, the Islamic empires blossomed, projecting ...